Mindsets

A mental model is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world. It is a representation of the surrounding world, the relationships between its various parts and a person's intuitive perception about his or her own acts and their consequences. Mental models can help shape behaviour and set an approach to solving problems (akin to a personal algorithm) and doing tasks.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_model

Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it,[1] although the term is not easily defined.[2] Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms:[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics
 * 1) What is ultimately there?
 * 2) What is it like?

Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical constructivism into the social. The concept has a long theory in sociological and philosophical thought, but the term has been coined by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann with their book The Social Construction of Reality. Based on a combination of Alfred Schutz' Sociology of Knowledge and Durkheim's concept of institution, they develop a theory that aims at answering the question of how subjective meaning becomes a social fact. The concept uses George Herbert Mead's Ideas of Socialisation and Interaction and in this respect some aspects resemble ideas in Russian cultural psychology, wherein groups construct knowledge for one another, collaboratively creating a "small" culture of shared artifacts with shared meanings. When one is immersed within a culture of this sort, one is learning all the time about how to be a part of that culture on many levels. It is emphasised that culture plays a large role in the cognitive development of a person. Its origins are largely attributed to Lev Vygotsky.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructivism